Although viticulture is apparently an agricultural subject, at a deeper glance, it can be considered as a completely anthropological matter that is associated with every aspects of Kashmar people’s life.As it is mentioned in the essay, all parts of Vine such as leaves, sour grape, grape, raisins, molasses and teyfi are usable and nothing is left unnecessarily and wastefully. Viticulture plays such a significant role in nutrition, economy, housing, rug weaving, culture and animal husbandry of Kashmar that it can obviously be seen in the people’s maxims.

ABSTRACT: The trunk stilbenoids of healthy and crown gall infected vines of Ojaleshi variety have been studied and identified as stress-metabolite compounds. Vine samples were taken from a 12-year-old vineyard cultivated on yellow soils type in Martvili region (Western Georgia). The stilbenoids were extracted by ethyl acetate and then separated in a chromatographic column and analyzed by the HPLC/MS method. The following stilbenoids have been detected: cis-piceid, trans-resveratrol, trans-ε,-viniferin, cis-miyabenol C, cis-miyabenol. The concentrations were higher in infected vines as compared to the healthy ones. This is the first time that stilbenoids have been investigated in Ojaleshi grape variety.

Nitrogen, Zinc, and Iron are important elements necessary for plants. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of urea, Fe, and Zn nutrition on yield and fruit quality of Grape cultivar Asgari in Khoram Abad.  The experiment was carried out in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Two Levels of urea (0 and 5 g/l),  Zinc sulfate (0 and 1.5 g/l) and four levels of Iron (Fe) (0, Fe-EDDHA application of soil 20 g/tree , foliar application of sulphate Fe 3 g/l, and chelate Fe 3 g/l) were used. Foliar application had significant effect on morphological and physiological characeristics of trees.  Urea nutrition did not affect fruit weight, but increased fruit set percentage.  Quality of fruit increased with application of urea and zinc, and Fe.  Soil application of Fe-EDDHA increased the fruit set percentage in comparison with control and foliar application of FeSo4. Findings showed the favorable effect of nutrition on growth and yield of grape cv. Asgari.

Pruning level has noticeable effect on quantity and quality of the yield, vine vigor and the number of fruitfull buds. This study was conducted to determine the effect of three pruning levels (40, 64 and 88 buds left per vine) on some quantitative and qualtitative characters of the fruits and vine vigor (determined by pruning weight) of Safid-bidaneh cultivar (Vitis vinifera L.), for three successive years during 1994-96. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replications. In general, the effects of pruning levels on yield of vines, yield components, Brix of berries, pruning weight, percentage of bud break and fruitfull buds were statistically significant. Yield, number of cluster and percentage of fruitfull buds per vine were increased with increasing number of buds per vine, while weight of cluster, Brix, pruning weight and percentage of bud break per vine were decreased. The effect of three successive years and year Xpruning level interaction were significant on yield, number of cluster, weight of 100 berries, pruning weight and percentage of fruitfull buds which decreased on vines with 88 buds. But had no significant effect on cluster weight, Brix and percentage of bud break. During three successive years, the yield and vine vigor were not decreased on vines with 40 or 64 buds left per vine. According to the obtained results, vines left with 64 buds could be recommend in practice.

Background and Objectives Grape is one of the fruit trees which require good management for economical production. Farmers often do not properly prune vine grape. Grape cultivars show different responses to pruning severity. Perlette cultivar is among the new cultivars whose cultivation has recently been on the rise in Iran. The main objective of this research was to determine the effect of severity and the number of buds per shoot on yield and productivity coefficients of perlette grape cultivar. Materials and Methods A factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted to evaluate the pruning effect on yield and yield components. Treatments included 42, 60 and 72 buds per vine and 6, 5 and 4 buds per cane during 2012 in Garaban agro industrial complex. Some different traits on fruit quantity and quality were measured. Results Results showed that the number of buds per vine and cane had a significant effect on the number of clusters, cluster weights, and yield and productivity coefficients. Vine yield was significantly different under various treatments: whereas the highest yield (about 12 kg/vine) was obtained by 60 buds/vine and long pruning with 6 buds/cane, the lowest yield (about 5. 6 kg/vine) was recorded in 42 buds/vine with 4 buds/ cane. The highest cluster weight (of about 250 g) was obtained in 60 buds/vine with 4 buds/ cane and the lowest cluster weight (182 g) was found in 72 buds/vine and 4 buds/ cane. The productivity coefficient was significantly different among the treatments at 1% statistical level. The highest productivity coefficient (0. 98) was found in the case with 42 buds/vine and 5 buds/ cane and the lowest was in 60 buds/vine with 4 buds/cane. Generally 60 buds/vine was recommended for this cultivar as a mixed pruning with two replacing buds and a cane with 6 bearing buds. Discussion The number of clusters was increased by increasing the number of vine buds and cane buds. Cluster number is possibly dependent on the number of vine buds, which is one of the factors to increase the yield. The weight of cluster is affected by several factors such as productivity, the cultivar and so on. The highest yield was recorded in 60 buds/vine and 6 buds/cane. This phenomenon is related to a balance of vegetative and reproductive characters in this cultivar. Yield reduction occurred in 42 and 72 buds/vine. The decrease in the yield was due to a decrease in the weight of the clusters in 72 buds/vine. This is possibly due to the lack of adequate nutrition by the vine for cluster growth. Yield reduction was due to a decrease in the cluster production number in 42 buds/vine. Yield was increased with a decrease in pruning intensity. This phenomenon represents an increase in the number of buds on the fruiting canes. The long pruning with 6 buds/ cane and 60 buds/vine was superior to the others. This pruning severity was determined based on fruit yield and quality. Proper pruning leads to a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth and the quantitative and qualitative yields will be increased.

An increase in the temperature and frequent droughts are consequences of the climate change. Using different methods of producing horticultural products in protected ways, such as shading net, is one approach to mitigate the impact of the changing climate. The present study was carried out to determine the effect of shading net on growth and fruit yield and quality of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in the Takestan grapevine research station in 2022. For this purpose, vegetative and reproductive characteristics of four grapevine cultivars (Sahebi, Red Sultana, Red Asgari and Mish Pestan) were evaluated under and outside of green shading net with shade coefficient of 50% as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant increase of internode length under the shading net were recorded. Green shading net significantly increased the titratable acid (80. 6%) and the pH of the fruit juice (73. 2%), the length and width, and the weight of berry (21. 8%, 44. 11%, and 41. 7%, respectively), cluster length, diameter and weight (51. 6%, 49%, and 30. 8%, respectively), and fruit yield per vine (65%). However, green shading net caused significant decrease in total soluble solids (17. 7%). In all grape cultivars, the total soluble solids under the green shading net was lower than outside the green shading net, and the highest total soluble solids (26 Brix units) belonged to cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. The titratable acidity (TA) level of fruit juice under shading net was higher than outside the shading net in all grape cultivars. The highest TA level (8. 5g l-1) was observed in cv. Mish Pestan under green shading net. The dimensions of berries under the shading net were greater than outside in all studied grape cultivars. The results showed that the fruit yield and its components increased under green shading net, but fruit ripening prolonged. Therefore, for table grape production, it is necessary to collect the shading net in fruit color changing period to prevent late ripening. Introduction Due to changing climate, the yield and the quality of agricultural products including grapevine are significantly affected. The intensity of sunlight and high temperature are especially important because of their effects on phenological stages, fruit yield, flower and berry drop, berry weight, and on the production and accumulation of primary and secondary compounds. Using Shading nets have been suggested in viticulture as an adaptation and protection approach to mitigate the effect of high temperatures (global warming) and decrease evapotranspiration (Naulleau et al., 2021). The present study was carried out to determine the effect of the green shading net on growth, fruit yield and its components and quality of four grapevine (Vitis vinifera) cultivars in the Takestan grapevine research station, Takestan, Iran. Materials and Methods Four grapevine cultivars (Sahebi, Red Sultana, Red Asgari and Mish Pestan) were evaluated under and outside of green shading net with shade coefficient of 50% as factorial arrangements in randomized complete block design with three replications and three vines in each plot. Cluster dimensions and weight, clusters number vine-1, dimensions and weight of berry, total soluble solids (TSS), pH and titratable acidity (TA) of fruit juice, fruit yield vine-1 and internode length were measured and recorded. SPSS Ver. 26 software was used to test the data normality, analysis of variance, and means comparison by Tukey's test at the 5% probability level. Factor analysis was performed based on principal component analysis and varimax rotation, as well as drawing graphs, using XLSTAT 2019 add-in under Excel software. Results and Discussion Using green shading net significantly increased (66. 2%) the internodes length. ​Green shading net significantly increased TA (80. 6%) and pH of fruit juice (73. 2%), but significantly decreased TSS (17. 7%). The highest amount of TSS (26 Brix units) was obtained in cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net and the lowest (17. 9 Brix units) obtained in cv. Sahebi under the shading net. The highest amount of TA (8. 5 g l-1) was observed in cv. Mish Pestan under the green shading net and the lowest (1. 3 g l-1) in this cultivar in the outside of shading net. Serat and Kulkarni (2015) reported that the maximum TSS, total sugar, reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars and the ratio of TSS to TA in grape variety Thomson Seedless in without shading net environment (compared to green shading net with shade factor of 30% and 50%) were obtained. The reduction of heat stress due to the use of shading net has delayed the activation of VvHsfA2 and VvGolS1 factors, which causes a decrease in TSS and delay in fruit ripening (Pillet et al., 2012). Green shading net significantly increased the length, width, and weight of berries (21. 8%, 44. 11%, and 41. 7%, respectively), cluster length, diameter, and weight (51. 6%, 49%, and 30. 8%, respectively) and vine yield (65%). The highest berry length (2. 48 cm) was obtained in cv. Sahebi under the green shading net and the lowest (1. 07 cm) was obtained in cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. The highest berry weight (4. 25 g) was recorded in cv. Sahebir under the green shading net and the lowest (0. 77 g) was recorded in cv. Red Sultana outside of the shading net. Rasoli et al. (2022) reported that white and green shading nets, with shading factor of 30%, increased the cluster weight by 107. 2 and 141. 8%, respectively. The results of this research showed that using green shading net increased fruit yield and its components, and prolonged fruit ripening. Therefore, for table grape production, it is necessary to collect the shading net in color changing period to prevent late ripening.

Measuring natural compounds is one of the useful indexes for reducing the postharvest decays of agricultural products. In this research effects of different concentrations of salicylic acid(SA) 0, 0.7, 1.4, and 2 mM and storage duration of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 weeks on quality and survival of Vitic vivifera cv Askary were studied. The results showed that with an increase in SA concentration from 0 to 2 mM, pH and soluble solids decreased 1 and 2.3%, respectively, whereas titratable acidity increased 20%. At the same time, the highest vitamin C content was obtained at 1.4 mM SA which showed 7.7% increase compared to the control. During storage period pH, soluble solids, and titratable acidity increased 1.9, 15.6, and 22.8%, respectively, but vitamin C decreased 52.8%. At the concentration of 2 mM SA, the percentage of decay, abscission, and weight loss decreased 53.2, 13.3, and 12.2 %, respectively while firmness increased 17.5% compared to control (0 mM SA).Therefore, it seems that SA which is a natural phenolic compound has high potential in controlling postharvest loss of horticulture products including Askary grape vine cultivar.

Grapes are one of the temperate fruit crops most frequently damaged by freezing temperatures. An investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of freezing temperatures during the dormant season on four commercial grape cultivars. Factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with three assemblage dates (end of autumn, middle of winter and end of winter ), temperature treatments (25, -10, -12, -14, -16, -18, -20 and -220C) and cultivars (Kolahdary, Red rasin, Yaghoti and White rasin) with three replications in Horticultural Sciences Laboratory of Ferdowsi University Mashhad in the year 2010. It was concluded that in -220C, electrolyte leakage of cultivar Kolahdary at the end of autumn and Yaghoti at the end of winter with 60 and 62 % showed highest the value, respectively. Cultivar Red rasin in the middle of winter with %39 had lowest value. Also, cultivar Kolahdary at the end of autumn and cultivar Yaghoti at the end of winter by 24.13 and 27 mg/l and cultivar Red rasin at the middle of winter by 37.33 mg/l had lowest and highest carbohydrate values respectively. The lowest and highest value of re-growth were gained in cultivar Yaghoti and Red raisin by 12 and 45 % respectively. Therefore, due to high carbohydrate content and low electrolyte, leakage Red raisin was selected as freezing tolerance cultivars.

The aim of this work was to test the effects of soil urea fertilization on yield, grape juice soluble solids, total acidity, and amino acid composition of Chardonnay, Welschriesling, and Riesling grape varieties. The experiment was conducted in a vineyard with repeated records of low yeast-assimilable-nitrogen content in must and the corresponding grape juices in years prior to the experiment. Urea was applied after completion of flowering. Treatments included the control without fertilization, 5. 5, 16. 8 and 28. 1 g N vine-1. Urea fertilization generally increased yield components and amino acid concentrations. Fertilization with 28. 1 g N vine-1 prolonged grape ripening, regarding soluble solids and total acidity values. Fertilization with 28. 1 g N vine-1 was not so effective in improving amino acid concentration compared to other fertilization treatments. This leads to conclusion that fertilization with 28. 1 g N vine-1 seems excessive and unnecessary regarding delayed fruit ripening and inconsistent effect on amino acid composition.